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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク John Isaac Hawkins ： ウィキペディア英語版 John Isaac Hawkins John Isaac Hawkins (1772–1855) was an inventor who practised civil engineering. He was known as the co-inventor of the ever-pointed pencil, an early mechanical pencil, and of the upright piano. ==Early life== Hawkins was born 14 March 1772 at Taunton, Somerset, England,〔R. L. Tafel, ''Documents Concerning Swedenborg'', p. 1217〕 the son of Joan Wilmington and her husband Rev. Isaac Hawkins,〔Thompson, ''Reminiscences'', pp. 11, 14〕 a watchmaker. Isaac Hawkins became first a Wesleyan minister, but was expelled by John Wesley; and after moving the family to Moorfields in London was a minister in the Swedenborgian movement, which John Isaac would also follow.〔Tafel, ''Documents Concerning Swedenborg'', pp. 1216, 1218〕〔Peter J. Lineham, ''The Origins of the New Jerusalem Church in the 1780s'', Bulletin of the John Rylands Library. 1988;70(3):109–122; (online as PDF ), at pp. 115–6.〕 John Isaac emigrated to the United States about 1790,〔Thompson, ''Reminiscences'', 14〕 attending the College of New Jersey,〔Robert Palmieri, Margaret W. Palmieri and Igor Kipnis, ''Encyclopedia of Keyboard Instruments'', 2nd Edition, Taylor & Francis, 2003, vol. 2, p. 167〕 where he studied medicine and later, chemical filtration.〔 Hawkins married in New Jersey, and was living at Bordentown and Philadelphia. In his own account, he was influenced by work of Georg Moritz Lowitz to try charcoal for filtration purposes, and ran an exhibition on the topic, with Raphaelle and Rembrandt Peale, in the Philadelphia Exchange Coffee House.〔John Claudius Loudon (editor), ''The Architectural Magazine'', vol. 5 (1838), p. 659; (Google Books. )〕 He operated a non-vocational craft school in Bristol, Pennsylvania from about 1800;〔Steven M. Gelber, ''Hobbies: Leisure and the Culture of Work in America'', p. 200-1〕 and he collaborated on inventions with Rev. Burgess Allison.〔A. W. Skempton (editor), ''A Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers in Great Britain and Ireland: 1500–1830'' (2002), pp. 305–6; (Google Books. )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「John Isaac Hawkins」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.